Search results for "Synchronous context-free grammar"
showing 2 items of 2 documents
Grammars++ for modelling information in text
1999
Abstract Grammars provide a convenient means to describe the set of valid instances in a text database. Flexibility in choosing a grammar can be exploited to provide information modelling capability by designing productions in the grammar to represent entities and relationships of interest to database applications. Additional constraints can be specified by attaching predicates to selected nonterminals in the grammar. When used for database definition, grammars can provide the functionality that users have come to expect of database schemas. Extended grammars can also be used to specify database manipulation, including query, update, view definition, and index specification.
Why Translation Is Difficult
2017
The paper develops a definition of translation literality that is based on the syntactic and semantic similarity of the source and the target texts. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that absolute literal translations are easy to produce. Based on a multilingual corpus of alternative translations we investigate the effects of cross-lingual syntactic and semantic distance on translation production times and find that non-literality makes from-scratch translation and post-editing difficult. We show that statistical machine translation systems encounter even more difficulties with non-literality.